A research team has demonstrated a new “Doppler cloak” that could hide moving objects from radar by making them appear stationary. The device works by manipulating radar signals in a way that takes advantage of quirks in how radar systems process information, offering a stealth option that could complement or even substitute for traditional radar-absorbing materials.

“A Doppler cloak is a device that can make the platform — airplane, ship, tank — to which it is applied invisible to radars,” Professor Shah Nawaz Burokur of the University of Paris Nanterre, one of the authors of the study, said in an email. “It works by tricking radars into believing that the underlying platform is not moving. Since most radars filter out static objects, they will also filter out the target — thus making it undetectable.”

Why Doppler cloaking matters

Stealth in radar detection has long focused on reducing an object’s radar cross-section, in other words, making it reflect less radar energy back to the source. While effective, this approach has limits, especially for smaller, cheaper platforms like drones that may not be able to carry costly radar-absorbing coatings or complex shaping.

Doppler cloaks work differently. Radars detect motion by measuring the Doppler shift, the change in frequency of the reflected signal caused by the target’s movement. By altering the phase of incoming radar waves in real time, a Doppler cloak cancels out this shift, making a moving object look like stationary “clutter” such as trees or buildings.

“A Doppler cloak does not work by reducing the radar cross-section,” Burokur explains. “It tricks, or fools, radars by taking advantage of quirks in their signal processing. Whether it is efficient or not depends on the metasurface capacity to cover a 360-degree phase range as well as precise knowledge of incoming radar waveforms.”

Because it uses a different mechanism than traditional stealth, the technology could be combined with existing methods for enhanced effect — or used alone to give low-cost platforms a new way to avoid detection.

How the new cloak works

The device developed by Burokur’s team, drawing on both computer simulations and experimental studies, is built around a specially designed metasurface: an ultra-thin material composed of a precisely arranged pattern of tiny structures that can control how electromagnetic waves, such as radar signals, behave. These engineered surfaces can bend, absorb, or shift waves in ways that natural materials cannot, making them valuable for applications ranging from advanced communications to stealth technology.

In radar, the type of signal matters. A continuous-wave radar sends out a steady, unchanging tone, like holding down a single key on a piano. It’s simple but limited, and is rarely used in modern systems. Most real-world radars instead use frequency-modulated signals, in which the pitch of the wave changes in a controlled way, more like running your fingers up and down the piano keys. This modulation makes it easier to measure both the distance and speed of objects, but also makes hiding from radar far more challenging.

In the team’s proof-of-concept design, the metasurface takes the form of a circular metallic disk fitted with eight tiny electronic components called varactor diodes. By adjusting the diodes’ capacitance in time, the metasurface shifts the frequency of incoming radar waves to cancel the Doppler shift over a broad range of frequencies. “The key finding of this study is that it is possible to achieve stealth with a Doppler cloak when it is illuminated by a true radar waveform,” says Burokur. This marks the first demonstration of a cloak that works with the frequency-modulated radar signals most commonly used in practice, rather than the continuous-wave signals tested in earlier research.

Tests showed that the prototype could suppress Doppler information across a 50-megahertz bandwidth around its operating frequency of approximately 350 megahertz, while also reducing radar cross-section, adding an extra layer of stealth.

Overcoming challenges

While promising, Doppler cloaking is not without its difficulties. “There are two types of challenges for this specific technology,” Burokur says. “First, to be applied anywhere on a platform, metasurfaces need to be conformal — meaning, follow the platform’s curvature. Second, to be effective, metasurfaces need to know both the frequency and the angle of arrival of radars in the area.” This means integrating the cloak with sensors that can detect radar signals in real time, or equipping it with its own sensing system.

The research team believes the metasurface technology is already close to practical use, aside from the need to make it conform to complex surfaces and integrate the necessary sensing capabilities. “The technology is almost ready as far as metasurfaces are concerned, save for the expensive but straightforward technological development to make them conformal,” Burokur says. “The bigger step lies in integrating sensors onto the metasurface itself. It will take more time, but first demonstrations have already been made by a few groups around the world. In five years, the technology should be ready.”

Looking ahead

Beyond military stealth, Doppler cloaking could have applications in telecommunications, where similar metasurface designs could be used to manipulate signal frequencies for more efficient data transfer. The approach might also be adapted to higher-frequency systems, opening possibilities in fields beyond radar.

For now, the successful demonstration of a cloak that can hide motion from the kind of radar waveforms used in the real world marks a milestone in stealth technology research. As Burokur notes, the concept could serve as both an add-on to existing stealth systems and a cost-effective option for platforms where conventional radar cross-section reduction is not feasible.

Reference: Lopez T., Lepetit T., Ratni B., Burokur S.N., Metasurface Doppler Cloak for Broadband Radar Stealth, Advanced Physics Research (2025). DOI: 10.1002/apxr.202500064.

Feature image by Gerald Altmann via Pixabay