Recent advances in the field of Raman spectroscopy pave the way for new deep non-invasive medical diagnosis methods. Potential applications include diagnosis of bone disease, cancer and monitoring glucose levels.
Raman spectroscopy has recently undergone major advances in the area of deep non-invasive characterisation of biological tissues. The progress stems from the development of spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) and the renaissance of transmission Raman spectroscopy permitting the assessment of diffusely scattering samples at depths several orders of magnitude deeper than possible with conventional Raman spectroscopy.
In a new review article, Pavel Matousek (STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, UK) and Nicholas Stone (University of Exeter, UK) summarize recent developments within this area of medical diagnostics and give some new exciting examples of emerging applications, including non-invasive diagnosis of bone disease and cancer and monitoring of glucose levels.
Raman spectroscopy has proven to be an effective technique for analyzing excised bone matrix but the difficulty in probing deep through soft tissue has hampered in vivo studies. The development of deep sub-surface Raman techniques provides new opportunities offering promise to diagnose bone conditions, such as brittle bone disease and osteoporosis, noninvasively. For example, the development of a Raman instrument intended for transcutaneous monitoring of steroid-induced osteoporosis has been reported.
A fast developing area for SORS and transmission Raman spectroscopy is presently the non-invasive detection of deep cancer lesions in breast tissue. In a study, it was shown with Raman spectroscopy that the apatite carbonate levels associated with benign and malignant calcifications are significantly different. At present, there is no reliable way to distinguish between the different calcification types by mammography. In studies on tissue phantoms using the Raman Kerr gated, SORS and transmission Raman methods, respectively, recognizable chemical signatures were obtained for the two different calcification types. Recent advances could even make it possible to go beyond the discrimination purely of Types I and II calcifications, to the compositional profiling of the Type II calcifications and the associated disease state, in situ in bulk breast tissue. Yet, further work is still required to reach the top range of clinically relevant tissue depths.
It is often crucial to remove just enough tissue to ensure that no cancerous cells are left within a patient’s body whilst ensuring the amount of damage done to healthy tissue is kept to a minimum. Recently, the capability of SORS to identify soft tissue lesions at depths of several millimeters within healthy soft tissue was demonstrated. The study heralds prospect for a real time diagnostic tool that could be deployed during surgery to aid surgeons in defining the margins of lesions.
The SESORS concept combining SERS and SORS techniques has been successfully demonstrated in the area of glucose detection recently. Using an implanted sensor, the glucose was successfully monitored in the interstitial fluid of rats by SORS at clinically relevant levels.
Other potential future applications of the SESORS concept when used with appropriate nanoparticle labels, such as antibodies for specific disease cellular expressions can include early cancer detection and monitoring of various other conditions. Especially attractive feature of this concept is its inherent ability for multiplexing. It is likely the use of multiplexed SESORS could lead to advances in tumor specific treatment selection and monitoring in real-time. Furthermore the detection and monitoring for the presence of infectious diseases with SESORS or in combination with minimally invasive methods, with needles or insertable probes, to interrogate inner cavities and vessels present another area of potential future use.
